数据中心智能调度关键技术与应用

本书系统性地探讨了数据中心智能调度的核心技术与实际应用，涵盖数据中心和云计算概述、大数据处理的技术要点，以及人工智能平台的资源调度方法等内容。同时，书中深入解析了云服务负载预测方法、可再生能源的自适应管理方法、基于虚拟机整合的自适应节能调度方法，以及MapReduce和Spark调度方法的实际应用。此外，本书重点介绍了TensorFlow的高效分布式并行算法，以及基于深度学习和模仿学习的任务完工时间优化调度，为研究人员和工程师提供了创新性的解决方案和理论指导。本书适合从事数据中心、云计算、大数据及人工智能领域的技术研发人员、工程师，以及高校师生参考使用，为数据中心智能化管理提供全面的技术支持和实践指南。

第1章 数据中心概述 ······································································.1
1.1 数据中心简介 ····················································································.2
1.1.1 什么是数据中心 ·········································································.2
1.1.2 数据中心的需求和挑战 ································································.4
1.2 云计算数据中心资源调度需求分析 ·························································.4
1.2.1 技术需求 ··················································································.4
1.2.2 技术目标 ··················································································.5
1.3 云计算数据中心资源调度研究进展 ·························································.5
1.4 云计算数据中心资源调度方案分析 ·························································.6
1.4.1 Google解决方案 ········································································.6
1.4.2 Amazon解决方案 ·······································································.7
1.4.3 IBM解决方案 ············································································.8
1.4.4 HP解决方案··············································································10
1.4.5 VMware解决方案 ·······································································10
1.4.6 阿里云解决方案 ·········································································12
1.4.7 华为云解决方案 ·········································································14
1.4.8 其他厂家解决方案 ······································································15
1.5 云计算数据中心资源调度标准进展 ·························································17
1.6 云资源管理调度关键技术及研究热点 ······················································18
本章小结 ·································································································20
思考题·····································································································21
参考文献 ·································································································21
第2章 云计算概述 ········································································.25
2.1 云计算的发展背景 ··············································································26
2.2 云计算是集大成者 ··············································································28
2.2.1 并行计算 ················································································.28
2.2.2 网格计算 ················································································.29
2.2.3 效用计算 ················································································.29
2.2.4 普适计算 ················································································.30
2.2.5 软件即服务 ·············································································.30
2.2.6 虚拟化技术 ·············································································.31
2.3 云计算的驱动因素 ············································································.31
2.3.1 云计算的发展现状和趋势 ···························································.33
2.3.2 云计算应用初步分类 ·································································.35
2.4 云计算产业链中的不同角色 ································································.36
2.5 云计算的主要特征和技术挑战 ·····························································.37
2.5.1 云计算的主要特征 ····································································.37
2.5.2 挑战性问题 ·············································································.38
本章小结 ································································································.46
思考题 ···································································································.46
参考文献 ································································································.46
第3章 大数据处理 ········································································.51
3.1 大数据的发展背景及定义 ···································································.52
3.2 大数据问题 ······················································································.55
3.2.1 速度方面的问题 ·······································································.55
3.2.2 种类及架构问题 ·······································································.56
3.2.3 体量及灵活性问题 ····································································.56
3.2.4 成本问题 ················································································.57
3.2.5 价值挖掘问题 ··········································································.57
3.2.6 存储及安全问题 ·······································································.58
3.2.7 互联互通与数据共享问题 ···························································.59
3.3 大数据与云计算的辩证关系 ································································.60
3.4 大数据技术 ······················································································.61
3.4.1 基础架构支持 ··········································································.62
3.4.2 数据采集 ················································································.64
3.4.3 数据存储 ················································································.65
3.4.4 数据计算 ················································································.68
3.4.5 数据展现与交互 ·······································································.73
本章小结 ································································································.75
思考题 ···································································································.76
参考文献 ································································································.76
第4章 人工智能平台的资源调度概述 ················································.78
4.1 引言 ·································································································79
4.2 深度学习的分布式并行训练系统架构 ······················································79
4.3 深度学习的分布式并行策略 ··································································81
4.3.1 深度学习的基础概念 ···································································82
4.3.2 分布式并行训练算法 ···································································82
4.3.3 研究现状分析 ············································································85
4.4 分布式并行训练的时效分析 ··································································91
本章小结 ·································································································96
思考题·····································································································96
参考文献 ·································································································97
第5章 基于深度学习的云服务负载预测方法 ·······································.99
5.1 引言 ······························································································.100
5.2 相关工作 ························································································.101
5.2.1 基于回归方法的云服务负载预测方法···········································.101
5.2.2 基于学习的云服务负载预测方法 ·················································.102
5.2.3 讨论分析 ···············································································.103
5.3 系统模型 ························································································.104
5.4 esDNN：基于高效监督学习的深度神经网络 ··········································.106
5.4.1 多元时间序列预测的滑动窗口 ····················································.106
5.4.2 esDNN算法 ···········································································.109
5.5 性能测试 ························································································.112
5.5.1 数据集和环境配置 ···································································.112
5.5.2 与基于无监督学习方法的比较 ····················································.113
5.5.3 与基于神经网络方法的比较 ·······················································.114
5.5.4 与其他方面的比较 ···································································.118
本章小结 ······························································································.119
思考题··································································································.120
参考文献 ······························································································.120
第6章 云应用程序和可再生能源的自适应管理方法 ····························.123
6.1 引言 ······························································································.124
6.2 相关工作 ························································································.125
6.2.1 DVFS和虚拟机整合·································································.125
6.2.2 Brownout ···············································································.126
6.2.3 数据中心冷却系统的整体管理 ····················································.126
6.2.4 可再生能源 ············································································.126
6.3 系统模型 ························································································.127
6.4 问题建模 ························································································.129
6.4.1 功率消耗 ···············································································.129
6.4.2 工作负载模型 ·········································································.130
6.4.3 优化目标 ···············································································.131
6.5 根据可再生资源进行调度决策 ····························································.132
6.5.1 Green-Aware 调度算法 ·····························································.132
6.5.2 交互式工作负载的Brownout算法 ···············································.133
6.5.3 批处理工作负载的延迟算法 ·······················································.134
6.5.4 主机调度 ···············································································.135
6.5.5 可再生能源预测 ······································································.136
6.6 原型系统的实现 ··············································································.137
6.7 性能评估 ························································································.139
6.7.1 环境设置 ···············································································.140
6.7.2 工作负载 ···············································································.140
6.7.3 应用 ·····················································································.141
6.7.4 结果 ·····················································································.141
本章小结 ·······························································································.145
思考题 ··································································································.145
参考文献 ·······························································································.146
第7章 云计算环境下基于虚拟机整合的自适应节能调度 ······················.149
7.1 绪论 ······························································································.150
7.2 虚拟机整合技术 ··············································································.150
7.3 相关研究工作 ··················································································.152
7.4 问题定义 ························································································.153
7.5 数据中心能耗模型 ···········································································.154
7.5.1 服务器功耗模型 ······································································.154
7.5.2 服务器能耗模型 ······································································.155
7.5.3 云数据中心总能耗模型 ·····························································.156
7.5.4 数据中心节能调度下限 ·····························································.156
7.6 SAVE算法描述 ···············································································.158
7.6.1 概述 ·····················································································.158
7.6.2 分配算法 ···············································································.159
7.6.3 迁移算法 ···············································································.161
7.7 实验验证与分析 ··············································································.165
7.7.1 实验准备 ···············································································.165
7.7.2 数据准备 ···············································································.167
7.7.3 基线方法 ···············································································.167
7.7.4 结果分析 ···············································································.169
本章小结 ······························································································.175
思考题··································································································.175
参考文献 ······························································································.175
第8章 MapReduce模型中数据倾斜问题的算法 ·································.177
8.1 绪论 ······························································································.178
8.1.1 背景及意义 ············································································.178
8.1.2 研究现状 ···············································································.179
8.1.3 研究内容 ···············································································.180
8.2 数据倾斜相关理论研究 ·····································································.181
8.2.1 数据倾斜 ···············································································.181
8.2.2 算法介绍 ···············································································.183
8.2.3 算法综合对比 ·········································································.190
8.3 多任务数据倾斜调度算法设计 ····························································.193
8.3.1 问题描述与建模 ······································································.193
8.3.2 Revised Johnson1954算法（RJA） ··············································.195
8.3.3 离线多任务调度算法 ································································.199
8.3.4 在线多任务调度算法 ································································.201
8.4 单任务数据倾斜算法设计 ··································································.203
8.4.1 YarnTune概述 ·········································································.203
8.4.2 检测数据倾斜 ·········································································.206
8.4.3 YarnTune核心功能 ··································································.208
8.5 系统测试和分析 ··············································································.212
8.5.1 软硬件测试环境 ······································································.212
8.5.2 多任务数据倾斜测试 ································································.212
8.5.3 单任务数据倾斜测试 ································································.217
本章小结 ······························································································.220
思考题··································································································.221
参考文献 ······························································································.221
第9章 Spark中的数据均衡分配算法研究 ·········································.223
9.1 Spark设计思想 ················································································.224
9.1.1 Spark概述 ·············································································.224
9.1.2 Spark计算模型 ·······································································.225
9.1.3 Spark整体架构 ·······································································.226
9.2 Spark数据存储体系 ··········································································.227
9.2.1 存储整体架构 ·········································································.227
9.2.2 数据写入过程 ·········································································.228
9.2.3 数据读取过程 ·········································································.229
9.3 Spark Shuffle分析 ············································································.230
9.3.1 Shuffle概述 ············································································.230
9.3.2 Shuffle写操作 ·········································································.231
9.3.3 Shuffle读操作 ·········································································.232
9.4 Spark分区方法 ················································································.233
9.4.1 HashPartition分区 ····································································.233
9.4.2 RangePartition分区 ··································································.234
9.5 问题描述与建模 ··············································································.235
9.5.1 相关定义 ···············································································.235
9.5.2 问题建模 ···············································································.236
9.6 数据均衡分配算法整体设计 ·······························································.237
9.6.1 抽样算法 ···············································································.238
9.6.2 数据均衡分区算法 ···································································.240
9.6.3 权重调整算法 ·········································································.242
9.6.4 任务分配算法 ·········································································.245
9.7 算法复杂度分析 ··············································································.246
9.8 MRFair概述 ···················································································.246
9.8.1 MRFair的目标与特征 ·······························································.246
9.8.2 MRFair系统架构 ·····································································.247
9.8.3 MRFair数据均衡分配示例 ·························································.248
9.9 MRFair倾斜检测时机及算法 ······························································.249
9.9.1 MRFair倾斜检测时机 ·······························································.249
9.9.2 MRFair倾斜检测算法 ·······························································.250
9.10 MRFair数据重新分配时机及算法 ······················································.250
9.10.1 MRFair数据重新分配时机 ·······················································.250
9.10.2 MRFair数据重新分配算法 ·······················································.251
9.11 MRFair核心模块 ············································································.253
9.12 系统测试环境 ················································································.255
9.12.1 软硬件测试环境 ·····································································.255
9.12.2 测试数据 ··············································································.256
9.12.3 对比算法或系统 ·····································································.257
9.12.4 评价指标 ··············································································.257
9.13 Reduce Partition数据均衡分配算法测试 ··············································.257
9.13.1 WordCount基准测试 ·······························································.257
9.13.2 Sort基准测试 ········································································.260
9.14 MRFair数据均衡分配算法测试 ·························································.263
9.14.1 WordCount基准测试 ·······························································.263
9.14.2 Sort基准测试 ········································································.265
本章小结 ······························································································.266
思考题··································································································.267
参考文献 ······························································································.267
第10章 深度学习框架TensorFlow的高效分布式并行算法研究 ·············.269
10.1 分布式并行算法的背景及意义 ···························································.270
10.1.1 问题背景 ··············································································.270
10.1.2 研究意义 ··············································································.271
10.2 研究现状及内容 ·············································································.272
10.2.1 研究现状 ··············································································.272
10.2.2 研究内容 ··············································································.272
10.3 深度学习理论研究 ··········································································.273
10.3.1 大数据与云计算 ····································································.273
10.3.2 机器学习 ··············································································.274
10.3.3 深度学习 ··············································································.275
10.4 TensorFlow深度学习框架研究 ··························································.277
10.4.1 TensorFlow系统架构 ······························································.277
10.4.2 TensorFlow数据流图 ······························································.280
10.4.3 TensorFlow会话管理 ······························································.281
10.4.4 TensorFlow分布式执行 ···························································.282
10.4.5 TensorFlow数据输入 ······························································.283
10.5 TensorFlow分布式架构分析 ·····························································.285
10.5.1 TensorFlow远程调用 ······························································.285
10.5.2 现有TensorFlow分布式模型 ····················································.286
10.6 优化算法设计与实现 ·······································································.289
10.6.1 数据并行上的优化 ·································································.289
10.6.2 模型并行上的优化 ·································································.297
10.7 实验环境配置 ················································································.304
10.7.1 硬件环境 ··············································································.304
10.7.2 软件环境 ··············································································.304
10.7.3 实验对象 ··············································································.305
10.7.4 实验数据 ··············································································.305
10.8 实验结果展示与分析 ·······································································.307
10.8.1 数据并行算法测试··································································.307
10.8.2 模型并行算法测试··································································.312
本章小结 ·······························································································.314
思考题 ··································································································.314
参考文献 ·······························································································.314
第11章 基于深度强化学习和模仿学习的任务完工时间优化调度 ···········.317
11.1 任务调度 ······················································································.318
11.2 相关研究 ······················································································.321
11.3 云资源调度问题定义 ·······································································.322
11.4 调度方案 ······················································································.327
11.4.1 DeepRM_Online介绍 ······························································.327
11.4.2 强化学习模型 ········································································.328
11.4.3 深度强化学习训练算法····························································.330
11.5 算法分析 ······················································································.333
11.6 实验分析与验证 ·············································································.337
11.6.1 实验准备 ··············································································.337
11.6.2 数据准备 ··············································································.337
11.6.3 基线算法 ··············································································.338
11.6.4 结果分析 ··············································································.339
本章小结 ·······························································································.341
思考题 ··································································································.341
参考文献 ·······························································································.342
第12章 总结与展望 ······································································.345
12.1 绿色节能数据中心的综合解决方案·····················································.346
12.2 多数据中心（多调度域）的调度策略和算法动态可选择 ·························.348
12.3 支持深度学习模型的分布式并行调度 ·················································.349
12.4 从基础资源调度拓展到应用任务调度 ·················································.350
参考文献 ·······························································································.351