量子计算机原理和程序设计

量子计算正以颠覆性潜力重塑科学和产业边界。本书致力于为读者构建贯通量子理论与工程实践的桥梁，从经典计算局限性切入，追溯量子计算从理论构想到算法突破的演进脉络，深度对比离子阱、超导、光子等主流技术路线。作为国内首部聚焦离子阱量子计算机工程实现的著作，本书深入解析其核心模块设计，涵盖系统架构、高精度真空与低温环境的构建、激光光路系统的配置，以及测控系统开发与关键器件选型，为读者提供一份清晰可行的技术实现参考。在程序设计层面，本书系统阐释从量子比特基础到代表性量子算法的数学原理与实现逻辑，同时介绍主流编程框架及其与AI生态的融合应用，引导读者逐步构建量子机器学习模型等前沿应用。本书以中国视角，分析国内外量子产业发展现状，研判未来若干年这一新兴技术在硬件突破、算法创新与生态建设方面的趋势与挑战，对产业发展提出了前瞻性的建议。 本书融理论深度、工程细节、编程实践与产业前瞻于一体，既可作为帮助高校师生深入理解量子计算原理与编程的教材，也可为工程师构建量子系统、开发者探索量子应用、产业决策者把握技术浪潮提供参考，引领读者全面融入这场正在蓬勃发展的量子革命。

罗乐，中山大学教授，原子分子物理学和电子信息专业博士生导师。获中山大学学士、北京大学硕士、美国杜克大学硕士和博士学位，先后于美国国家标准技术研究院与马里兰大学联合量子研究所、印第安纳大学印第安纳波利斯分校物理系、印第安纳大学时空对称研究中心、中山大学物理与天文学院、中山大学深圳研究院量子信息技术中心、光电材料与技术国家重点实验室、量子精密测量与传感广东省重点实验室、粤港澳大湾区量子科学中心等机构开展科研工作，曾参与创办国内首家离子阱量子计算企业启科量子。学术研究涵盖激光冷却与囚禁、冷原子物理、离子阱量子信息处理、分布式量子计算与量子网络等领域。代表性科研成果包括实现物质第六态“费米凝聚态”、率先研发离子阱量子计算芯片和“离子―光子”分布式量子计算、开拓非厄米（开放系统）量子信息处理，以及开展国内首台离子阱量子计算工程机研发等。

第1 章量子计算简介········································································.1
1.1 从经典计算到量子计算···························································.1
1.1.1 经典计算与科学研究的融和············································.1
1.1.2 经典计算的局限性························································.3
1.1.3 量子模拟概念的提出·····················································.6
1.1.4 量子计算概念的酝酿·····················································.8
1.1.5 量子计算的优势···························································10
1.2 量子计算发展简史·································································14
1.2.1 20 世纪80 年代――量子计算的起源·································14
1.2.2 20 世纪90 年代――量子计算的突破与物理实现··················15
1.2.3 21 世纪原子型量子计算·················································17
1.2.4 21 世纪电子型量子计算·················································21
1.2.5 21 世纪光子型量子计算·················································26
1.2.6 21 世纪量子算法的进展·················································28
1.2.7 量子计算的商业化和产业化············································33
第2 章量子计算的技术路线·······························································36
2.1 实现量子比特的典型物理体系··················································36
2.1.1 离子阱·······································································36
2.1.2 超导电路····································································43
2.1.3 硅半导体····································································50
2.1.4 光量子计算·································································53
2.1.5 其他体系····································································58
2.2 量子计算的硬件技术······························································61
2.2.1 机械··········································································61
2.2.2 光学··········································································73
2.2.3 电子··········································································78
2.2.4 原子测控····································································85
2.2.5 芯片··········································································97
第3 章实例：离子阱量子计算机的工程实现·······································.108
3.1 离子阱量子计算机的主要构成···············································.108
3.1.1 离子阱系统······························································.109
3.1.2 工作环境系统···························································.110
3.1.3 光学系统·································································.110
3.1.4 测控系统·································································.112
3.2 离子阱系统······························································.113
3.2.1 离子阱模块······························································.114
3.2.2 原子发生模块···························································.116
3.2.3 谐振器模块······························································.116
3.3 工作环境系统···························································.118
3.3.1 整体结构·······························································.118
3.3.2 超高真空模块···························································.120
3.3.3 低温模块·································································.122
3.3.4 减振模块·································································.122
3.3.5 低温真空实现步骤·····················································.123
3.4 光学系统·································································.126
3.4.1 稳频模块·································································.129
3.4.2 消融模块·································································.131
3.4.3 离化模块·································································.132
3.4.4 冷却模块·································································.132
3.4.5 回泵模块·································································.134
3.4.6 操控模块·································································.134
3.4.7 进阱模块·································································.135
3.4.8 成像模块·································································.135
3.5 测控系统·································································.136
3.5.1 测控板卡模块···························································.138
3.5.2 阱周电气模块···························································.141
3.5.3 离子阱工作环境测控模块············································.144
3.5.4 一体化测控界面模块··················································.144
第4 章量子编程与算法··································································.147
4.1 量子编程基础····································································.147
4.2 常见量子算法····································································.154
4.2.1 Deutsch 算法····························································.154
4.2.2 Deutsch-Jozsa 算法·····················································.159
4.2.3 Bernstein Vazirani 算法················································.165
4.2.4 Simon 算法······························································.171
4.2.5 量子傅里叶变换························································.178
4.2.6 Grover 算法······························································.183
4.2.7 Shor 算法································································.190
4.2.8 变分量子特征值求解算法············································.200
4.2.9 量子近似优化算法·····················································.206
4.3 量子编程框架····································································.211
4.3.1 量子编程框架概述·····················································.211
4.3.2 Qiskit······································································.219
4.3.3 Cirq········································································.222
4.3.4 QuTrunk ··································································.226
4.3.5 QuSprout ·································································.231
第5 章实例：在 QuTrunk 上实现量子神经网络 ·································.235
5.1 机器学习··········································································.235
5.1.1 人工智能·································································.235
5.1.2 机器学习·································································.238
5.1.3 深度神经网络···························································.246
5.2 量子机器学习····································································.248
5.3 QuTrunk+TensorFlow 实现量子+机器学习·································.249
5.3.1 TensorFlow 简介························································.249
5.3.2 应用示例·································································.250
5.4 QuTrunk+PyTorch 实现量子+机器学习·····································.253
5.4.1 PyTorch 简介····························································.253
5.4.2 应用示例·································································.255
5.5 QuTrunk+PaddlePaddle 实现量子+机器学习·······························.261
5.5.1 PaddlePaddle 简介······················································.261
5.5.2 应用示例·································································.262
5.6 QuTrunk+MindSpore 实现量子+机器学习··································.269
5.6.1 MindSpore 简介·························································.269
5.6.2 应用示例·································································.271
第6章量子计算相关应用 ···········································································.276
6.1 量子模拟··········································································.276
6.1.1 量子模拟简介···························································.276
6.1.2 量子模拟应用···························································.277
6.2 量子优化··········································································.279
6.2.1 量子优化简介···························································.279
6.2.2 量子优化应用···························································.280
6.3 量子机器学习····································································.282
6.3.1 量子机器学习简介·····················································.282
6.3.2 量子机器学习应用·····················································.283
6.4 量子密码··········································································.284
6.4.1 量子密码简介···························································.284
6.4.1 量子密码应用···························································.285
6.5 实例：量子时序预测···························································.286
6.5.1 时序预测定义···························································.287
6.5.2 时序预测模型···························································.288
6.5.3 量子时序预测应用·····················································.289
6.6 实例：QuTrunk 实现量子变分算法·········································.290
第7 章量子计算产业发展趋势·························································.296
7.1 量子计算产业现状······························································.296
7.1.1 国际现状·································································.296
7.1.2 国内现状·································································.303
7.1.3 国内和国际的比较·····················································.305
7.2 量子计算产业的技术与应用··················································.308
7.2.1 硬件·······································································.308
7.2.2 软件与算法······························································.308
7.2.3 市场应用·································································.312
7.3 量子计算产业前瞻·····················································.315
7.3.1 量子计算的学术研究方向············································.316
7.3.2 量子计算技术的未来发展············································.318
7.3.3 量子计算产业的全球与国内政策环境·····························.323
7.3.4 关键应用领域的挑战与机遇·········································.325
参考文献·······················································································.332