相控阵雷达技术：空间监视与导弹预警

本书以相控阵雷达在空间监视与导弹预警中的关键应用为核心，系统梳理了相关理论基础、关键技术与工程实践。全书分为4 篇：基础篇介绍了轨道与弹道的基本概念、相控阵雷达基本原理、时空基准体系，以及空间目标监视系统与弹道导弹预警系统的组成等内容；运动学原理篇深入讲解轨道与弹道运动建模、摄动分析及机动特性等内容；相控阵雷达运用篇聚焦于目标检测、跟踪、识别与预报等关键技术；工程实践篇结合资源管理及雷达卫星标校等环节，体现系统综合应用能力。本书内容理论与实用并重，兼顾系统性与前沿性，适合相关工程技术人员、研究人员及高等院校相关专业师生学习参考。

黄晓斌，国防科技大学信息与通信工程专业博士，主要研究方向为空间目标探测与战略预警。曾荣获多项军队级科技成果奖励，出版学术著作5部，已获授权国家专利及软件著作权16项，并在国内外学术期刊及会议上发表论文70余篇。刘俊凯，国防科技大学信息与通信工程专业博士，主要研究方向为新体制雷达探测技术。曾主持国家自然科技基金、军队级科研项目等，出版学术著作5部，获授权国家发明专利及软件著作权4项，在国内外学术期刊及会议上发表论文30余篇。孟藏珍，清华大学信息与通信工程专业博士，主要研究方向为战略预警。曾荣获多项军队级科技成果奖励，出版学术著作4部，已获授权国家专利及软件著作权24项，并在国内外学术期刊及会议上发表论文80余篇。刘太阳，第二炮兵工程学院控制科学与工程专业博士，主要研究领域为战略预警目标特性与态势。获多项军队级科研成果奖励，出版学术著作2部，获软件著作权5项，在国内外学术期刊及会议上发表20余篇。严韬，空军预警学院信息与通信工程专业博士，主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。参与国家及军队级科研项目7项，出版学术著作2部，获授权国家专利及软件著作权8项，在国内外学术期刊及会议发表论文20余篇。

第1 篇 基础篇
第1 章 概述···································································································.3
1.1 轨道与弹道··························································································.4
1.1.1 空间与空间目标···········································································.4
1.1.2 轨道的概念与特点········································································.5
1.1.3 弹道的概念与特点········································································.8
1.2 相控阵雷达原理与系统简介····································································.10
1.2.1 相控阵雷达的空间监视和导弹预警功能············································.10
1.2.2 相控阵雷达原理··········································································.11
1.2.3 相控阵雷达系统组成····································································.11
1.2.4 相控阵雷达装备与技术发展概况·····················································.13
1.3 常用软件简介······················································································.18
1.3.1 STK 软件···················································································.18
1.3.2 ODTK 软件················································································.19
1.3.3 MMT 软件·················································································.19
1.3.4 SOFA 软件·················································································.20
1.3.5 MATLAB 雷达工具箱···································································.20
思考题·····································································································.20
第2 章 空间目标监视系统················································································.21
2.1 定义与职能·························································································.22
2.2 系统组成····························································································.22
2.2.1 空间目标监视网··········································································.23
2.2.2 空间目标监视中心·······································································.23
2.3 国外发展现状与趋势·············································································.24
2.3.1 美国·························································································.24
2.3.2 俄罗斯······················································································.24
2.3.3 欧洲·························································································.25
2.4 空间目标监视技术发展··········································································.25
2.5 典型空间目标监视雷达简介····································································.26
2.5.1 AN/FPS-85 雷达··········································································.26
2.5.2 “丹麦眼镜蛇”雷达·····································································.28
2.5.3 “沃罗涅日”雷达········································································.30
2.5.4 “太空篱笆” ··············································································.32
2.5.5 GRAVES 系统·············································································.33
思考题·····································································································.34
第3 章 弹道导弹预警系统················································································.35
3.1 定义与职能·························································································.36
3.2 系统组成····························································································.36
3.2.1 弹道导弹预警装备·······································································.37
3.2.2 预警信息处理与分发系统······························································.37
3.3 国外发展现状与趋势·············································································.38
3.3.1 美国·························································································.38
3.3.2 俄罗斯······················································································.40
3.4 弹道导弹目标探测技术发展····································································.40
3.4.1 预警体系协同运用技术发展···························································.41
3.4.2 天基红外预警卫星目标探测面临的挑战及技术发展····························.41
3.4.3 相控阵雷达目标探测面临的挑战及技术发展·····································.42
3.5 典型反导预警雷达简介··········································································.43
3.5.1 改进型预警雷达··········································································.44
3.5.2 海基X 波段雷达·········································································.45
3.5.3 “萨德”系统的机动型多功能地基雷达·············································.46
3.5.4 “宙斯盾”舰载相控阵雷达····························································.47
3.5.5 下一代舰载防空反导雷达······························································.48
3.5.6 远程识别雷达·············································································.49
3.5.7 低层防空反导传感器····································································.50
思考题·····································································································.51
第4 章 时空基准····························································································.52
4.1 基本天文概念······················································································.53
4.1.1 天球上的圈和点··········································································.53
4.1.2 岁差与章动················································································.55
4.1.3 极移·························································································.56
4.2 时间系统····························································································.57
4.2.1 世界时系统················································································.57
4.2.2 原子时系统················································································.58
4.2.3 力学时系统················································································.58
4.2.4 年、历元和儒略日·······································································.59
4.3 时间系统转换······················································································.59
4.3.1 公历与儒略日转换·······································································.60
4.3.2 时间尺度转换·············································································.60
4.4 坐标系统····························································································.62
4.4.1 天球坐标系················································································.62
4.4.2 地球坐标系················································································.63
4.4.3 弹道坐标系················································································.64
4.5 坐标系统转换······················································································.66
4.5.1 站心地平坐标系与ITRS 的转换······················································.67
4.5.2 ITRS 与GCRS 的转换··································································.68
4.5.3 发射坐标系与ITRS 的转换····························································.70
4.5.4 发射坐标系与箭体坐标系的转换·····················································.71
思考题·····································································································.72
第2 篇 运动学原理篇
第5 章 轨道运动原理······················································································.75
5.1 开普勒轨道根数···················································································.76
5.1.1 经典轨道根数·············································································.76
5.1.2 备用轨道根数·············································································.79
5.2 二体问题····························································································.80
5.2.1 二体运动特性·············································································.81
5.2.2 轨道根数与位置矢量、速度矢量之间的关系·····································.83
5.2.3 开普勒方程················································································.85
5.3 轨道摄动问题······················································································.88
5.3.1 轨道摄动概述·············································································.88
5.3.2 受摄轨道的轨道根数····································································.90
5.3.3 主要轨道摄动项及其影响······························································.92
5.4 轨道机动问题····················································································.103
5.4.1 轨道机动概述···········································································.103
5.4.2 典型轨道机动···········································································.105
5.4.3 一般轨道机动·············································································110
思考题·····································································································111
第6 章 弹道运动原理······················································································113
6.1 弹道运动基础······················································································114
6.1.1 弹道导弹工作模式·······································································114
6.1.2 典型弹道飞行阶段·······································································114
6.2 弹道运动环境及受力·············································································116
6.2.1 飞行环境概述·············································································116
6.2.2 地球引力及扰动··········································································116
6.2.3 空气动力及力矩········································································.121
6.2.4 发动机推力及指标·····································································.123
6.3 弹道运动方程及解算···········································································.125
6.3.1 运动微分方程组一般形式····························································.125
6.3.2 其他坐标系下弹道运动方程·························································.133
6.3.3 弹道运动微分方程的解算····························································.135
6.4 弹道运动基本特征··············································································.137
6.4.1 基本运动规律···········································································.138
6.4.2 弹道摄动及机动········································································.141
思考题···································································································.143
第3 篇 相控阵雷达运用篇
第7 章 相控阵雷达信号处理·············································································.147
7.1 功能与工作流程·················································································.148
7.2 窄带通道目标检测方法········································································.150
7.2.1 目标检测的一般流程··································································.150
7.2.2 脉冲压缩·················································································.150
7.2.3 多普勒处理··············································································.153
7.2.4 恒虚警率检测···········································································.153
7.2.5 副瓣匿影·················································································.157
7.2.6 相控阵雷达目标检测的特点·························································.158
7.3 宽带一维成像方法··············································································.159
7.3.1 步进频率信号的合成处理····························································.159
7.3.2 线性调频信号的脉冲压缩····························································.160
7.4 目标参数测量····················································································.161
7.4.1 目标位置参数测量·····································································.161
7.4.2 径向速度测量···········································································.165
7.4.3 RCS 测量·················································································.166
7.4.4 提高参数测量精度的措施····························································.167
7.5 抗干扰技术·······················································································.168
7.5.1 干扰技术·················································································.168
7.5.2 抗干扰的概念···········································································.170
7.5.3 典型抗干扰技术········································································.171
7.5.4 电子干扰条件下的雷达探测效能评估·············································.177
7.6 相控阵雷达信号处理新发展··································································.179
7.6.1 检测前跟踪··············································································.179
7.6.2 多特征检测··············································································.181
7.6.3 认知探测·················································································.181
7.6.4 雷达发射波形优化设计·······························································.182
思考题···································································································.183
第8 章 相控阵雷达数据处理·············································································.185
8.1 数据处理系统概述··············································································.186
8.1.1 数据处理的主要功能和特点·························································.186
8.1.2 数据处理系统的技术指标····························································.188
8.2 多目标跟踪·······················································································.189
8.2.1 多目标跟踪的基本概念·······························································.189
8.2.2 跟踪滤波·················································································.190
8.2.3 点迹?航迹关联·········································································.193
8.3 群目标跟踪技术·················································································.195
8.3.1 群目标跟踪面临的挑战·······························································.195
8.3.2 群目标跟踪方式与群管理····························································.196
8.4 轨道预报与确定·················································································.197
8.4.1 轨道预报·················································································.197
8.4.2 轨道确定·················································································.204
8.5 弹道预报··························································································.210
8.5.1 概念和流程··············································································.210
8.5.2 弹道滤波···················································································211
8.5.3 弹道导弹轨道根数估算·······························································.212
8.5.4 解析法落点预报········································································.213
8.5.5 数值积分法落点预报··································································.214
思考题···································································································.215
第9 章 相控阵雷达目标识别·············································································.216
9.1 弹头目标识别····················································································.217
9.1.1 弹头目标识别的概念··································································.217
9.1.2 特征提取与特征分析··································································.218
9.1.3 关键事件判别···········································································.227
9.1.4 分类器设计与选择·····································································.228
9.1.5 综合识别流程···········································································.231
9.1.6 识别性能评估···········································································.232
9.2 空间目标编目与匹配识别·····································································.234
9.2.1 空间目标编目的基本概念····························································.234
9.2.2 空间目标编目的数据库·······························································.235
9.2.3 空间目标编目的基本流程····························································.236
9.2.4 轨道匹配的基本流程··································································.238
9.2.5 空间目标轨道匹配识别·······························································.242
思考题···································································································.244
第4 篇 工程实践篇
第10 章 资源管理·························································································.247
10.1 概念和功能·····················································································.248
10.1.1 雷达资源的概念······································································.248
10.1.2 相控阵雷达基本工作方式··························································.248
10.1.3 资源调度与管理的功能·····························································.249
10.1.4 研究进展与挑战······································································.249
10.2 搜索资源管理··················································································.250
10.2.1 搜索工作方式的类型································································.250
10.2.2 雷达搜索作用距离···································································.253
10.2.3 搜索屏设置············································································.255
10.2.4 使用STK 工具辅助进行搜索屏设置·············································.258
10.3 跟踪资源管理··················································································.258
10.3.1 跟踪工作方式的类型································································.259
10.3.2 多目标跟踪资源分配································································.259
10.4 识别资源管理··················································································.262
10.5 任务调度························································································.264
10.5.1 任务调度的概念······································································.264
10.5.2 自适应调度算法······································································.265
10.6 目标探测工作模式设计······································································.268
10.6.1 空间目标探测工作模式·····························································.269
10.6.2 弹道导弹目标探测工作模式·······················································.270
10.6.3 空中目标探测工作模式·····························································.271
10.6.4 临近空间高超声速目标探测工作模式···········································.271
10.6.5 多类目标同时探测工作模式·······················································.274
思考题···································································································.274
第11 章 雷达卫星标校···················································································.275
11.1 背景介绍·························································································.276
11.2 标校原理·························································································.276
11.2.1 精密星历获取·········································································.277
11.2.2 卫星高精度轨道预报································································.278
11.2.3 卫星过境预报·········································································.278
11.2.4 雷达搜索屏参数设置································································.279
11.2.5 坐标变换················································································.279
11.2.6 系统误差评估·········································································.280
11.3 标校软件简介··················································································.281
思考题···································································································.281
参考文献······································································································.282