牛顿：自然哲学的数学原理（英文）

本书牛顿是用拉丁语写成的，1687年出第一版，1718年出第二版，1726年出第三版。莫特(AndrewMotte）于1729年翻译出版了本书的英文版；1934年，卡加里（F.Cajori）对莫特的英译本进行了修订。第一卷首先定义什么是惯性、动量、力，然后陈述三个运动定律——即通常所说的牛顿运动定律；第二卷所讨论的是阻力之下的运动，这是流体力学的开端；第三卷则是把第一卷的数学结果运用到自然现象上。

牛顿（Isaac Newton，1642—1727），英国物理学家、天文学家和数学家。在物理学上，牛顿基于伽利略、开普勒等人的工作，建立了三条运动基本定律和万有引力定律，并建立了经典力学的理论体系。在数学上，牛顿创立了“牛顿二项式定理”，并和莱布尼兹几乎同时创立了微积分学。

Portrait of Newton in the Pepysian Collection

Editor’s note. By R. T. Crawford

Title page of the first edition of the Principia

PRINCIPIA

Ode by Edmund Halley. Translated by Leon J. Richardson

Prefaces to the first, second, and third editions

Definitions

Axioms, or Laws of Motion

BOOK I. THE MOTION OF BODIES

SECTION

I. Method of first and last ratios

II. Determination of centripetal forces

III. Motion of bodies in eccentric conic sections

IV. Determination of elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits, from the focus given

V. Determination of orbits when neither focus is given

VI. Determination of motions in given orbits

VII. Rectilinear ascent and descent of bodies

VIII. Determination of orbits in which bodies will revolve, being acted upon by any sort of centripetal force

IX. Motion of bodies in movable orbits; and the motion of the apsides

X. Motion of bodies in given surfaces; and the oscillating pendulous motion of bodies

XI. Motion of bodies tending to each other with centripetal forces

XII. Attractive forces of spherical bodies

XIII. Attractive forces of bodies which are not spherical

XIV. Motion of very small bodies when agitated by centripetal forces tending to the several parts of any very great body

BOOK II. THE MOTION OF BODIES

(IN RESISTING MEDIUMS)

SECTION

I. Motion of bodies that are resisted in the ratio of the velocity

II. Motion of bodies that are resisted as the square of their velocities

III. Motion of bodies that are resisted partly in the ratio of the velocities, and partly as the square of the same ratio

IV. Circular motion of bodies in resisting mediums

V. Density and compression of fluids; hydrostatics

VI. Motion and resistance of pendulous bodies

VII. Motion of fluids, and the resistance made to projected bodies

VIII. Motion propagated through fluids

IX. Circular motion of fluids

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